Treatment 9 min
Cancer immunotherapy: how it works, who it helps and its risks
How PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors work, what PD-L1, MSI-H and TMB mean, why immune side effects matter, and why you should tell a doctor even months later.
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Plain-language answers to the questions patients and their families ask me most: diagnosis, treatment, blood tests and side effects.
Diagnosis and tests 9 min
Breast cancer IHC results: ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67 and subtypes explained
How to read breast cancer IHC: ER and PR receptors, the Allred score, HER2 from 0 to 3+, HER2-low, Ki-67 and molecular subtypes — and what they change in treatment.
ReadBlood tests 9 min
Blood tests before chemotherapy: what counts you need for a cycle
Which blood tests are done before a chemotherapy cycle, the usual neutrophil and platelet thresholds, why a cycle gets delayed, and when to call your doctor urgently.
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