How to read pathology, staging, biomarkers and CT, MRI and PET-CT reports.
Diagnosis and tests 8 min
An oncologist explains TNM in plain English: what T, N and M mean, the c, p and y prefixes, how stages I–IV are set, and why stage 4 differs by cancer type.
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How PET-CT differs from CT and MRI, when each scan is needed, what SUV means, why PET-CT can be wrong and how to prepare for the scan.
ReadDiagnosis and tests 9 min
An oncologist explains a pathology report line by line: what G1–G3, R0 and R1, lymphovascular invasion and pTNM mean, and why IHC and a second slide review matter.
ReadDiagnosis and tests 9 min
How to read breast cancer IHC: ER and PR receptors, the Allred score, HER2 from 0 to 3+, HER2-low, Ki-67 and molecular subtypes — and what they change in treatment.
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